![sp balu bariatric surgery sp balu bariatric surgery](https://nypost.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/09/balasubrahmanyam-08.jpg)
Additionally, 44.5% of adults and between 70.1 and 91.7% of people 17 or under do not meet the minimum daily physical activity requirements and approximately 40% of the nation acquire their daily energy intake from “junk” food, which is described as a Westernised-diet high in both saturated and trans fats and simple carbohydrates and, therefore, hyper-caloric ( Tolhurst et al., 2016). Australia now possesses one of the highest incidence of overweight and obesity worldwide, affecting 63.4% of adults and 29.5% of people aged less than seventeen ( Grima and Dixon, 2013 Tolhurst et al., 2016). By 1995, the rate of overweight and obesity had increased to approximately 20% ( Tolhurst et al., 2016 Hayes et al., 2017). In the 1970s, overweight and obesity were uncommon with less than 15% of Australians being described in this category ( Hayes et al., 2017). Obesity is one of the most rapidly escalating epidemics faced by global public-health systems, in particular, those belonging to developed Westernised societies, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Hence, the gut-brain axis, the microbiota and the link between these elements and the role each plays in either promoting or regulating energy and thereby contributing to obesity will be explored in this review. Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY 3−36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought.
![sp balu bariatric surgery sp balu bariatric surgery](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Kx6lvGyL8Hc/maxresdefault.jpg)
Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure.
![sp balu bariatric surgery sp balu bariatric surgery](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/CDxLgPLIL7w/maxresdefault.jpg)
Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.